ONE-YEAR ADVANCED POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN CRIMINAL LAW AND FORENSIC SCIENCE

SEMESTER 2:-

1.2.4. Introduction to Forensic Science & Forensic Physical Sciences:

UNIT I - History of Scientific Investigation, Physical Evidence & Crime Scene Processing :

• History & Development of Forensic Science
• Development of Forensic Science in India
• Forensic Science Institutions at State & Regional Levels      
• Physical Evidence & its role in Crime Investigation
• Crime Scene Processing
• Principles & Laws governing Forensic Science
• Handling of Physical Evidence
• Packaging and Labeling Evidence
• Chain of Custody of Evidence
• Checklist of physical evidence – crime wise
• Checklist of physical evidence – FSL section wise

UNIT II – Fingerprints & Track Marks

• Historical Perspective
• Terminology
• Fingerprint Patterns
• Taking of Fingerprints
• Taking of Palm & Sole Prints
• Taking of Fingerprints of Dead bodies
• Role of fingerprints in Disaster Victim Identification
• Purpose of Taking fingerprints
• Fingerprints at the Scene of Crime
• Expert at the Scene of Crime
• Fingerprint Photography
• Comparison of Fingerprints
• Thumb impression on Documents
• Comparison of Fingerprints using Modern Technology
• Role of Fingerprints ion Biometrics
• Forgery of Fingerprints
• Dissimilarities in Identical Fingerprints
• Law relating to Fingerprints
• Footprints
• Footwear marks
• Hoof marks & Paw marks
• Gait pattern
• Tyre Impressions
• Skid Marks

UNIT III – Questioned Documents

• Introduction
• Scope of Document Examination
• Different types of Cases
• Different types of Questioned documents
• Examination of writings/signatures/initials
• Forgeries and their Detection 5.6 – Different types of Tampering
• Other types of Examinations
• Instruments
• Photography
• Handling & Preservation of Documents
• Glossary
• References

UNIT IV – Ballistics

• Introduction
• Classification of Ballistics
• Firearms
• Ammunition
• Mechanism of Firing
• Identification of Firearms
• Bullet Identification
• Direction of Fire
• Range of Fire
• Detection of residues on hands
• Gunshot Residue
• Determining the range of firing by studying the GSR pattern
• Entrance & Exit Wounds
• Handling, Collection & Preservation of Evidence
• Nature of Evidence received by Ballistics Section
• 6.Precautions & Guidelines.

UNIT V – Forensic Physics

• Introduction
• Glass
• Paint
• Soil, Dirt & Dust
• Restoration of Obliterated marks
• Tool Marks
• Spurious Articles
• Counterfeit Currency

1.2.5. Forensic Chemical and General Science:

UNIT I – Forensic Chemistry & Explosives

• Introduction
• Analysis of Alcohol used in Liquors/Drinks
• Adulteration of Petroleum Products
• Cement, Mortar & Concrete 
• Fire Investigation 
• Oils & Fats 
• Acids & Alkalis 
• Examination of Chemicals used in Trap Cases
• Introduction and Origin of Explosives
• Development
• Composition of Explosives
• Classification of Explosives
• Improvised Explosive Device
• Explosions
• Explosive Train
• Effects of Explosion
• Explosion Scene Investigation
• Collection and types of Physical Evidence
• Laboratory Analysis of Explosives
• Instrumental Analysis
• Contamination Control

UNIT II – Toxicology & Narcotics

• Introduction
• Classification of Poisons
• Scope
• Categories
• Gaseous and Volatile Poisons
• Inorganic Poisons (Metallic & Anions)
• Neutral Poisons (Organic Non-volatile)
• Basic Drugs/Poisons (Organic Non-volatile)
• Acidic Drugs/Poisons (Organic Non-volatile)
• Miscellaneous Poisons
• Introduction to Narcotics
• Opium/Morphine/Heroin Compounds
• Cannabis
• Benzodiazepines
• Barbiturates

UNIT III –Forensic Engineering & Failure Analysis

• Introduction
• Failure Mechanisms (Types of Failures)
• Failures in Electrical Fields
• Failures of Metallic Orthopaedic Implants 
• Electrical Component Failures 
• Failure Analysis of Integrated Circuits
• Some Typical Failure Investigations 
• Investigation into Accidents
• Structural Failure involving Civil Construction Material 
• Video Authentication
• Forensic Speaker Identification 

UNIT IV – Cyber Forensics and Multi Media Forensics

• Introduction
• Definition & Scope
• Nature of Crimes
• IT Law
• Physical Evidence
• Search & Seizure of Computers
• Common mistakes committed by the IOs
• Checklist for Typical Crimes
• Current Challenges in Cyber Forensics
• Anti-Forensics
• Areas of Research
• Glossary

UNIT V – Experrt Testimony, Quality Assurance & Forensic Phychology

• Introduction
• Expert Witnesses
• Report
• The Court                               
• Introduction to Quality Assurance
• The Quality System
• The Quality Manual
•  Internal Audit Program
•  Accreditation
• Introduction to Forensic Psychology
• Psychology gets a new branch 
• Criminal Profiling Facts vs. Fiction
• A short history of Criminal Profiling
• FBI Crime Scene Analysis 
• Investigative Psychology: The Canter Approach 
• Polygraph/Lie-detector

1.2.6. Forensic Medicine, Biology & DNA:

UNIT I – Forensic Medicine, Human Anatomy & Physiology

• Introduction
• Role of Medico-Legal Expert in Crime Investigation
• Scope of the Services
• Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology
• Terminology
• Structure of the Body
• Human Skeleton 
• Vital Systems of the Body 

UNIT II – Identification of the Living and Dead & Post-Mortem Changes

• Definition
• Data Useful for Identification
• Introduction to Post-Mortem changes
• Immediate Signs of Death
• Early Signs of Death 
• Late Signs of Death 
• Post-mortem Interval  

UNIT III –Injuries, Wounds, Medicolegal aspects of injuries, Asphyxial deaths & Sexual Offences

• Definitions
• Classification             
• Introduction to Medicolegal aspects of injuries
• Causes of Death from Wounds
• Nature of the Injury 
• Mode of Death 
• Volitional Acts after Injury
• Sequence of Injuries
• Period of Survival
• Relative position of the assailant and the victim
• Gravity of Injuries
• Novus Actus Interveniens
• Burns
• Traffic Accidents
• Railway Injuries
• Aircraft Injuries
• Blast Injuries
• Bomb Injuries
• Barotraumas
• Asphyxia 
• General Features 
• Types of Asphyxial Deaths 
• Hanging 
• Strangulation
• Throttling 
• Drowning 
• Suffocation 
• Sexual Asphyxias                                                   
• Classification of Sexual Offences
• Guidelines for Investigation
• Rape
• Unnatural Sexual Offences

UNIT IV - Forensic Serology & DNA

• Definition & Scope                                     
• Blood
• Examination of Other (Body) Physiological Fluids
• Seminal Stains 
• Examination of Saliva Stains
• Examination of Urine Stains
• Examination of Faecal Stains
• Examination of Milk Stains
• Human Body Remnants Examination
• Guidelines for Sample Collection
• History & Introduction of DNA Fingerprinting
• History to DNA Fingerprinting
• DNA Techniques used in Forensic Investigations
• DNA Profiling in Investigations
• STR Loci commonly used in DNA Typing
• Practical Applications of Forensic DNA Fingerprinting

UNIT V – Forensic Biology, Archaeology, Forensic Anthropology & Forensic Odontology 

• Definition & Scope
• Hair
• Fibres
• Diatoms
• Plant Material
• Forensic Entomology
• Forensic Craniometry
• Guidelines for Sample Collection
• History of Forensic Archaeology
• Basic Principles
• Archaeology in Forensic Science
• Types of Physical Evidence & Cases
• Method of Analysis                         
• History & Introduction of Forensic Anthropology
• Types of Physical Evidence & Cases
• Method of Analysis
• Cause & Manner of Death
• Burnt Bones
• Specialist Techniques                   
• History & Introduction of Forensic Odontology
• Human Dentition
• Types of Physical Evidence & Cases
• Method of Analysis
• Mass Disasters
• Bite Mark